Tag Archives: notes

MySQL Replication

This is a copy and paste of some old notes about MySQL replication. I have never fully reviewed this content, or neither finished with the script. I save this anyway, in case I will need some of this info in the future 😉

MySQL Replication NOTES

Master Setup/etc/my.cnf changes

# The following items need to be set:
log-bin=/var/lib/mysqllogs/ServerID-theServerShortName-binary-log
binlog-format=MIXED
expire_logs_days=7
server-id=<server_number>

# replication user
PASS=$(tr -cd '[:alnum:]' < /dev/urandom | fold -w12 | head -n1)
echo "This is the password (take note): $PASS"
mysql -e "GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* to repl_user IDENTIFIED BY '$PASS'"

# Dump and copy across
mysqldump -A --flush-privileges --master-data=1 | gzip -1 > ~myuser/master_data.sql.gz
scp ~myuser/master_data.sql.gz $SLAVEIP:/home/myuser

# Restart Master
service mysqld restart

# === take notes of the following ====
# Get replication POSITION
zgrep -m 1 -P 'CHANGE MASTER' ~myuser/master.sql.gz | sed 's/^.*\(MASTER_LOG_FILE=.*\)$/\1/'

# Get new MySQL password to set on the slave
grep password /root/.my.cnf | awk -F= '{print $2}'

Slave Setup

# Verify timezones match between master and slave!/etc/my.cnf changes

# The following items need to be set:
relay-log=/var/lib/mysqllogs/ServerID-theServerShortName-relay-log
relay-log-space-limit = 16G
read-only=1
server-id=<server_number>
report-host=<server_number> #This allows show slave hosts; to work on the master.

# Import the data
echo "zcat /home/myuser/master.sql.gz | mysql"

# Update /root/.my.cnf with password set in the Master (importing ALL the db will overwrite users and passwords too)

# Restart Slave
service mysqld restart

# Enable repication (replace accordingly with position from latest Master's steps)
mysql
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST = '$MASTERIP', MASTER_PORT = 3306, MASTER_USER = 'repl_user', MASTER_PASSWORD = '$PASS', MASTER_LOG_FILE='752118-Db01A-binary-log.000001', MASTER_LOG_POS=107;
mysql> START SLAVE;
mysql> CHECK SLAVE STATUS\G

==========================================================================
Trying to automate: ****DRAFT*****

#>>> On MASTER <<<#

MASTERIP=""
SLAVEIP=""

# On DEDICATED:
MYHOST=$(hostname -a)
SERVERID=$(echo $MYHOST| awk -F- '{print $1}')

# On CLOUD:
MYHOST=$(hostname)
SERVERID=$(echo $MYHOST| awk -F- '{print $1}')

#>> Create a dump and copy across
mysqldump -A --flush-privileges --master-data=1 | gzip -1 > ~myuser/master.sql.gz
scp ~myuser/master.sql.gz $SLAVEIP:/home/myuser/

#>> Set my.cnf

#> Unset possible pre-sets
for LINE in log-bin binlog-format expire_logs_days server-id ; do sed -i "/^.*$LINE.*=.*$/ s/^/#/" -i /etc/my.cnf ; done

#> Make sure all are commented out
for LINE in log-bin binlog-format expire_logs_days server-id ; do grep $LINE /etc/my.cnf ; done

#> Apply new parameters
PASS=$(tr -cd '[:alnum:]' < /dev/urandom | fold -w12 | head -n1)
sed -i "/\[mysqld\]/a \#REPLICATION\nlog-bin=\/var\/lib\/mysqllogs\/$SERVERID-binary-log\nbinlog-format=MIXED\nexpire_logs_days=7\nserver-id=$SERVERID" /etc/my.cnf

service mysqld restart

#>> Set replication user
mysql -e "GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* to repl_user IDENTIFIED BY '$PASS'"

#>> Get output to run on the SLAVE

echo "zcat /home/myuser/master.sql.gz | mysql"

POSITION=zgrep -m 1 -P 'CHANGE MASTER' ~myuser/master.sql.gz | sed 's/^.*\(MASTER_LOG_FILE.*\)$/\1/'
echo "mysql -e \"CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST = '$MASTERIP', MASTER_PORT = 3306, MASTER_USER = 'repl_user', MASTER_PASSWORD = '$PASS', $POSITION;"

POSITION=zgrep -m 1 -P 'CHANGE MASTER' ~myuser/master.sql.gz | sed 's/^.*\(MASTER_LOG_FILE=.*\)$/\1/'

MASTER_LOG_FILE='752118-Db01A-binary-log.000001', MASTER_LOG_POS=107;

#>>> On SLAVE <<<#
for LINE in relay-log relay-log-space-limit read-only server-id report-host ; do grep $LINE /etc/my.cnf ; done

relay-log=/var/lib/mysqllogs/ServerID-theServerShortName-relay-log
relay-log-space-limit = 16G
read-only=1
server-id=<server_number>

report-host=<server_number> #This allows show slave hosts; to work on the master.

Docker How to

This is a collection of notes extracted by the Udemy course Docker Mastery.

Install docker

$ sudo curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh

Docker has now a versioning like Ubuntu YY.MM
prev Docker Engine => Docker CE (Community Edition)
prev Docker Data Center => Docker EE (Enterprise edition) -> includes paid product and support
2 versions:
- Edge: released monthly and supported for a month.
- Stable: released quarterly and support for 4 months (extend support via Docker EE)

$ docker version
Client:
Version: 17.05.0-ce
API version: 1.29
Go version: go1.7.5
Git commit: 89658be
Built: Thu May 4 22:10:54 2017
OS/Arch: linux/amd64

Server:
Version: 17.05.0-ce
API version: 1.29 (minimum version 1.12)
Go version: go1.7.5
Git commit: 89658be
Built: Thu May 4 22:10:54 2017
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: false

Client -> the CLI installed on your current machine
Server -> Engine always on, is the one that receives commands via API via the Client

New format:

docker <command> <subcommands> [opts]

Let’s play with Containers

Create a Nginx container:

$ docker container run --publish 80:80 --detach nginx

=> publish: connect local machine port (host) 80 to the port 80 of the container
=> detach: run the container in background
=> nginx: this is the image we want to run. Docker will look locally if there is an image cached; if not, it will get the default public ‘nginx’ image from Docker Hub, using nginx:latest (unless you specify a version/tag)

NOTE: every time you do ‘run’, docker Engine won’t clone the image but it will run an extra layer on top of the image, assign a virtual IP and doing the port binding (if requested) and
run whatever is specified under CMD in the Dockerfile

$ docker container run --publish 80:80 --detach nginx
c984b4231c5bf532efece5ee1a0d553182c4526e792a772d68d2c68204491d4e

$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c984b4231c5b nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 12 seconds ago Up 11 seconds 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp jolly_edison

$ docker container stop c98
c98

$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES

$ docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
c984b4231c5b nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 27 seconds ago Exited (0) 4 seconds ago jolly_edison
bf3de98723a2 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 2 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago angry_agnesi
957a1a710145 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 5 minutes ago Exited (0) 4 minutes ago infallible_colden

https://github.com/docker/compose/releasesCURIOSITY: the name gets automatically created if not specified, using from a random open source list of emotions_scientists

Check what’s happening within a container

$ docker container top <container_name>

$ docker container logs <container_name>

$ docker container inspect <container_name>

$ docker container stat # global live view of containers' stats
$ docker container stat <container_name> # live view of specific container

$ docker container run --publish 80:80 --detach --name webhost nginx
5f8314d5d4e0907025578b696d5d1f5df3633620ee64575bfee5b8441054e168

$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
5f8314d5d4e0 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 5 seconds ago Up 4 seconds 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp webhost

$ docker container logs webhost
172.17.0.1 - - [06/Jun/2017:11:15:38 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:53.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/53.0" "-"
172.17.0.1 - - [06/Jun/2017:11:15:39 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:53.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/53.0" "-"
172.17.0.1 - - [06/Jun/2017:11:15:40 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 0 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:53.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/53.0" "-"

$ docker container top webhost
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 4467 4449 0 12:15 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
systemd+ 4497 4467 0 12:15 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process

$ docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
5f8314d5d4e0 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 3 minutes ago Up 3 minutes 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp webhost
c984b4231c5b nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 6 minutes ago Exited (0) 6 minutes ago jolly_edison
bf3de98723a2 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 8 minutes ago Exited (0) 8 minutes ago angry_agnesi
957a1a710145 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 11 minutes ago Exited (0) 10 minutes ago infallible_colden

$ docker container rm 5f8 c98 bf3 957
c98
bf3
957
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container 5f8314d5d4e0907025578b696d5d1f5df3633620ee64575bfee5b8441054e168. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove

=> Safety mesure. You can’t remove running containers, unless using

-f

to force

The process that runs in the container is clearly visible and listed on the main host simply running

ps aux

.
In fact, a process running in a container is a process that runs on the host machine, but just in a separate user space.

$ docker container run --publish 80:80 --detach --name webhost nginx
6d6700cf4d98745cdb51a2267a0b1a69d33a60ed5a23786316af9f4993af793d

$ docker top webhost
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 5455 5436 0 12:33 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
systemd+ 5487 5455 0 12:33 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process

$ ps aux | grep nginx
root 5455 0.0 0.0 32412 5168 ? Ss 12:33 0:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
systemd+ 5487 0.0 0.0 32916 2500 ? S 12:33 0:00 nginx: worker process
user 5547 0.0 0.0 14224 968 pts/1 S+ 12:33 0:00 grep --color=auto nginx$ docker login

Change default container’s command

$ docker container run -it --name proxy nginx bash

=> t -> sudo tty; i -> interactive
=> ‘bash‘ -> command we want to run once the container starts
When you create this container, you change the default command to run.
This means that the nginx container started ‘bash’ instead of the default ‘nginx’ command.
Once you exit, the container stops. Why? Because a container runs UNTIL the main process runs.

Instead, if you want to run ‘bash’ as ADDITIONAL command, you need to use this, on an EXISTING/RUNNING container:

$ docker container exec -it <container_name> bash

How to run a CentOS minimal image to run (container)

$ docker container run -d -it --name centos centos:7
$ docker container attach centos

Quick cleanup [DANGEROUS!]

$ docker rm -f $(docker container ls -a -q)

Run CentOS container

$ docker container run -it --name centos centos
Unable to find image 'centos:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/centos
d5e46245fe40: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:aebf12af704307dfa0079b3babdca8d7e8ff6564696882bcb5d11f1d461f9ee9
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
[root@8bdc267ea364 /]#

List running containers

$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
86004f16905f nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 12 minutes ago Up 12 minutes 80/tcp nginx2
53c2610e1caa nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 14 minutes ago Up 14 minutes 80/tcp nginx

List ALL container (running and stopped)

$ docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
8bdc267ea364 centos "/bin/bash" About a minute ago Exited (127) 6 seconds ago centos
c6edf5df433d nginx "bash" 8 minutes ago Exited (127) 4 minutes ago proxy
86004f16905f nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 12 minutes ago Up 12 minutes 80/tcp nginx2
53c2610e1caa nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 14 minutes ago Up 14 minutes 80/tcp nginx

Start existing container and get prompt

$ docker container start -ai centos
[root@8bdc267ea364 /]#

ALPINE – minimal image (less than 4MB)

$ docker pull alpine
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/alpine
2aecc7e1714b: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:0b94d1d1b5eb130dd0253374552445b39470653fb1a1ec2d81490948876e462c
Status: Downloaded newer image for alpine:latest

$ docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
centos latest 3bee3060bfc8 19 hours ago 193MB
nginx latest 958a7ae9e569 6 days ago 109MB
alpine latest a41a7446062d 11 days ago 3.97MB <<<<<<
httpd latest e0645af13ada 3 weeks ago 177MB
mysql latest e799c7f9ae9c 3 weeks ago 407MB

Alpine has NO bash in it. It comes with just

sh

.
You can use

apk

to install packages.

NOTE: You can run commands that are already existing/present in the image ONLY.

Docker NETWORK

Docker daemon creates a bridged network – using NAT (docker0/bridge).
Each container will get an interface part of this network => by default, each container can communicate between each other without the need to expose the port using

-p

. The

-p / --publish

is to “connect” the host’s port with the container’s port.

You can anyway create new virtual networks and/or add multiple interfaces, if needed.

Some commands:

$ docker container run -p 80:80 --name web -d nginx
39a1f4db967edb1bbfa2d15f2ad0bf0394c2ae40bb22266ac0c3873db2cbea7d

$ docker container port web
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:80

$ docker container inspect --format '{{ .NetworkSettings.IPAddress }}' web
172.17.0.2

$ docker network ls
NETWORK ID NAME DRIVER SCOPE
fb59a42ff104 bridge bridge local
25eda154bf6f host host local
effb256fdda7 none null local

=> Bridge – network interface where containers gets connected by default
=> Host – allows a container to attach DIRECTLY to the host’s network, bypassing the Bridge network
=> none – removes eth0 in the container, leaving only ‘localhost’ interface

$ docker network inspect bridge
[
{
"Name": "bridge",
"Id": "fb59a42ff104945c8e41510f51d8007f97a30734b64f862f342d1739bec721a7",
"Created": "2017-06-06T11:59:26.589409813+01:00",
"Scope": "local",
"Driver": "bridge",
"EnableIPv6": false,
"IPAM": {
"Driver": "default",
"Options": null,
"Config": [
{
"Subnet": "172.17.0.0/16",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1"
}
]
},
"Internal": false,
"Attachable": false,
"Ingress": false,
"Containers": {
"39a1f4db967edb1bbfa2d15f2ad0bf0394c2ae40bb22266ac0c3873db2cbea7d": {
"Name": "web",
"EndpointID": "723b80d9709e7fb89612d6f16af4223867971a1070db740ff0a4ce4ad497d044",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"IPv4Address": "172.17.0.2/16",
"IPv6Address": ""
}
},
"Options": {
"com.docker.network.bridge.default_bridge": "true",
"com.docker.network.bridge.enable_icc": "true",
"com.docker.network.bridge.enable_ip_masquerade": "true",
"com.docker.network.bridge.host_binding_ipv4": "0.0.0.0",
"com.docker.network.bridge.name": "docker0",
"com.docker.network.driver.mtu": "1500"
},
"Labels": {}
}
]

$ docker network create my_vnet 
b0a0a4e6e529681dd6437a55a5495e928a7cb3af42d3e38298cb36b54c9892e0

=> by default it uses the ‘bridge’ driver

$ docker network inspect my_vnet --format '{{ .Containers }}'
map[9faec11e14697854b51275930817b03eb648baea0e2508195c2bf758d909d503:{nginx2 f889852f5c86bea984b28237f376e8ad2d1aa86335eed307209d25d44dfdba91 02:42:ac:12:00:02 172.18.0.2/16 }]

$ docker network connect my_vnet web

=> add new ntw interface part of my_vnet to container ‘web’

$ docker container inspect web | less
[...]
"Networks": {
"bridge": {
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "fb59a42ff104945c8e41510f51d8007f97a30734b64f862f342d1739bec721a7",
"EndpointID": "723b80d9709e7fb89612d6f16af4223867971a1070db740ff0a4ce4ad497d044",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02"
},
"my_vnet": {
"IPAMConfig": {},
"Links": null,
"Aliases": [
"39a1f4db967e"
],
"NetworkID": "b0a0a4e6e529681dd6437a55a5495e928a7cb3af42d3e38298cb36b54c9892e0",
"EndpointID": "344fd404d81f0e7df86984c3f856d70600eebe8109c6bdcb852577005e5ee5e1",
"Gateway": "172.18.0.1",
"IPAddress": "172.18.0.3",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:12:00:03"
}
[...]

DNS

Because of the nature of containers (create/destroy), you cannot rely on IPs.
Docker uses the containers’ names as hostname. This feature is NOT by default if you
use the standard bridge, but it gets enabled if you create a new network.

Example where we run two Elasticsearch containers, on mynet using the alias feature:

$ docker container run -d --network my_vnet --net-alias search --name els1 elasticsearch:2
$ docker container run -d --network my_vnet --net-alias search --name els2 elasticsearch:2

--net-alias <name>

=> this helps in setting the SAME name (Round Robin DNS), for example, if you want to run a pool of search servers

To quickly test, you can use this command to hit “search” DNS name, automatically created:

$ docker container run --rm --net my_vnet centos curl -s search:9200

-> example where you can run a specific command from a specific image, and remove all the data related to the container (quick check). In this case, CentOs default has curl, so you can run it.
Please note the

--rm

flag. This creates a container that will get removed as soon as you do CTRL+C. Very handy to quickly test a container.

Running multiple time, you should be able to see the 2 elasticsearch node replying.

Docker IMAGES

Image is the app binaries + all the required dependencies + metadata
There is NO kernel/drivers (these are shared with the host OS).

Official images have:

only ‘official’ in the description
NO ‘/’ in the name
extensive documentation

NON official have generally this format <organisationID>/<appname>
(e.g. mysql/mysql-server => this is not officially maintained by Docker but from MySQL team.)

Images are TAGs.
You can use tags to get the image that you want.
Images have multiple tags, so you might end up getting the same image, using
different tags.

IMAGE Layers

Images are designed to use Union file system

$ docker image history <image>

=> shows the changes in layers

unique SHA per layer.

When you create an image you start with a basic layer.
For example, if you pull two images based on Ubuntu 16.04, when you get the second image, you will get just the extra missing layers, as you have already downloaded and cached the basic Ubuntu 16.04 layer (same SHA).
=> you will never store the same image more than once on the filesystem
=> you won’t upload/download the layer that exists already on the other side

It’s like the concept of a VM snapshot.
The original container is read only. Whatever you change/add/modify/remove on the container that you run is stored in a rw layer.
If you run multiple containers from the same image, you will get an extra layer created per container, which stores just the differences between the original container image.

# Tag an image from nginx to myusername/nginx

$ docker image tag nginx myusername/nginx

$ docker login
Login with your Docker ID to push and pull images from Docker Hub. If you don't have a Docker ID, head over to https://hub.docker.com to create one.
Username: myusername
Password:
Login Succeeded

=> creates a file here:

~/.docker/config.json

Make sure to do

docker logout

on untrusted machines, to remove this file.

# Push the image

$ docker push myusername/nginx
The push refers to a repository [docker.io/myusername/nginx]
a552ca691e49: Mounted from library/nginx
7487bf0353a7: Mounted from library/nginx$ docker container run -d -it --name centos centos:7
$ docker container attach centos
8781ec54ba04: Mounted from library/nginx
latest: digest: sha256:41ad9967ea448d7c2b203c699b429abe1ed5af331cd92533900c6d77490e0268 size: 948

# Change tag and re-push

$ docker image tag myusername/nginx myusername/nginx:justtestdontuse

$ docker push myusername/nginx:justtestdontuse
The push refers to a repository [docker.io/myusername/nginx]
a552ca691e49: Layer already exists
7487bf0353a7: Layer already exists
8781ec54ba04: Layer already exists
justtestdontuse: digest: sha256:41ad9967ea448d7c2b203c699b429abe1ed5af331cd92533900c6d77490e0268 size: 948

=> it understands that the image already in the hub myusername/nginx is the same asmyusername/nginx:justtestdontuse, so it doesn’t upload any content (space saving), but it creates a new entry in the hub.

Dockerfile

This file describe how your container should be built. It generally uses a default image and you add your customisation. This is also best practise.

FROM -> use this as initial layer were to build the rest on top.
Best practise is to use an official image supported by Docker Hub, so you will be
sure that it is always up to date (security as well).

Any extra line in the file is an extra layer in your container. The use of

&&

among commands help to keep multiple commands on the same layer.

ENV -> are variable injected in the container (best practise as you don’t want any sensitive information stored within the container).

RUN -> are generally commands to install software / configure.
Generally there is a RUN for logging, to redirect logging to stdout/stderr. This is best practise. No syslog etc.

EXPOSE -> set which port can be published, which means, which ports I allow the container to receive traffic to. You still need the option

--publish (-p)

to actually expose the port.

CMD -> final command that will be executed (generally the main binary)

To build the container from the Dockerfile (in the directory where Dockerfile exists):

$ docker image build -t myusername/mynginx .

Every time one step changes, from that step till the end, all will be re-created.
This means that you should keep the bits that are changing less frequently on the top, and put on the bottom the ones that are changing more frequently, to make quicker the creation of the container.

# Dockerfile Example

# How extend/change an existing official image from Docker Hub

FROM nginx:latest
# highly recommend you always pin versions for anything beyond dev/learn

WORKDIR /usr/share/nginx/html
# change working directory to root of nginx webhost
# using WORKDIR is prefered to using 'RUN cd /some/path'

COPY index.html index.html
# replace index.html in /usr/share/nginx/html with the one currently stored
# in the directory where the Dockerfile is present

# There is no need to use CMD because it is already specified in the image
# nginx:latest, in FROM
# This container will inherit ALL (but ENVs) from the upstream image.

Example: CentOS container with Apache and custom index.html file:

# Dockerfile Example

FROM centos:7

RUN yum -y update && \
    yum -y install httpd && \
    yum clean all

EXPOSE 80 443

RUN ln -sf /dev/stdout /var/log/httpd/access.log \
        && ln -sf /dev/stderr /var/log/httpd/error.log

WORKDIR /var/www/html

COPY index.html index.html

CMD ["/usr/sbin/httpd","-DFOREGROUND"]

Example: Using Alpine HTTPD image and run custom index.html file:

# Dockerfile Example

FROM httpd:alpine

WORKDIR /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/

COPY index.html index.html

Copy all the content of the current directory into the WORKDIR directory

COPY . .

A container should be immutable and ephemeral. Which means that you could remove/delete/re-deploy without affecting the data (database, config files, key files etc…)

Unique data should be somewhere else => Data Volumes and Bind Mounts

Volumes

Need manual deletion -> preserve the data

In the Dockerfile the command

VOLUME

specifies that the container will create a new volume location on the host and assign this into the specified path in the container. All the files will be preserved if the container gets removed.

Let’s try using mysql container:

$ docker container run -d --name mysql -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=true mysql
b33d251935b0d22ae56ab569a32dd709ab2102359cf5f8297a3162383f226704

$ docker container inspect mysql
[...]
 "Mounts": [
            {
                "Type": "volume",
                "Name": "57fec8ec83c2cb32d4fbcfbcbacc2a6f84ae978e35d7ac0918aec8f8dbd8565a",
                "Source": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/57fec8ec83c2cb32d4fbcfbcbacc2a6f84ae978e35d7ac0918aec8f8dbd8565a/_data",
                "Destination": "/var/lib/mysql",
                "Driver": "local",
                "Mode": "",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": ""
            }
        ],

[...]
"Volumes": {
                "/var/lib/mysql": {}
            },
[...]

This container was created using

VOLUME /var/lib/mysql

command in the Dockerfile.
Once the container got created, a new volume got created as well and mounted. Using

inspect

we can see those details.

$ docker container inspect mysql | less
$ docker volume ls
DRIVER              VOLUME NAME
local               57fec8ec83c2cb32d4fbcfbcbacc2a6f84ae978e35d7ac0918aec8f8dbd8565a
$ docker volume inspect 57fec8ec83c2cb32d4fbcfbcbacc2a6f84ae978e35d7ac0918aec8f8dbd8565a 
[
    {
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/57fec8ec83c2cb32d4fbcfbcbacc2a6f84ae978e35d7ac0918aec8f8dbd8565a/_data",
        "Name": "57fec8ec83c2cb32d4fbcfbcbacc2a6f84ae978e35d7ac0918aec8f8dbd8565a",
        "Options": {},
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]
$

Every time you create a container, it will create a new volume, unless you specify.

You can create/specify a specific volume to multiple containers using

-v <volume_name:container_path>

option flag.

$ docker container run -d --name mysql2 -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=true -v mysql-dbdata:/var/lib/mysql  mysql
3f36be229a857b0898812c1614903d8bcf7000d8717510300c175bf2968a7829
$ docker container run -d --name mysql3 -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=true -v mysql-dbdata:/var/lib/mysql  mysql
5f12cf8f4fd3d7606682474b130d0560197704a79c8ee56af54359ff79fbb555
$ docker volume ls
DRIVER              VOLUME NAME
local               57fec8ec83c2cb32d4fbcfbcbacc2a6f84ae978e35d7ac0918aec8f8dbd8565a
local               mysql-dbdata
$ docker volume inspect mysql-dbdata
[
    {
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/mysql-dbdata/_data",
        "Name": "mysql-dbdata",
        "Options": {},
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]
$

Checking the mysql2 and mysql3 containers:

$ docker container inspect mysql2 
[...]
        "Mounts": [
            {
                "Type": "volume",
                "Name": "mysql-dbdata",
                "Source": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/mysql-dbdata/_data",
                "Destination": "/var/lib/mysql",
                "Driver": "local",
                "Mode": "z",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": ""
            }
        ],
[...]
            "Volumes": {
                "/var/lib/mysql": {}
            },
[...]



$ docker container inspect mysql3 
[...]
        "Mounts": [
            {
                "Type": "volume",
                "Name": "mysql-dbdata",
                "Source": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/mysql-dbdata/_data",
                "Destination": "/var/lib/mysql",
                "Driver": "local",
                "Mode": "z",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": ""
            }
        ],
[...]
            "Volumes": {
                "/var/lib/mysql": {}
            },
[...]

Bind Mounting

Mount a directory of the host on a specific container’s path.

Same flag as Volumes

-v

but it starts with a path and not a name.
Use

-v <host_path:container_path>

option flag.

This can be handy for a webserver, for example, that shares the /var/www folder stored locally on the host.

Docker Compose

YAML file (replace shell script where you would save all the
```
docker run
```
commands)
1. containers
2. network
3. volumes
CLI docker-compose (locally)

This tool is ideal for local development and testing – not for production.

By default, Compose does print on stout logs.

On linux, you need to install the binary. It is available here.

Docker and Kubernetes notes

[Raw notes from this free course: https://www.udacity.com/course/scalable-microservices-with-kubernetes–ud615 ]

Docker is one of the most famous container in use nowadays.

Docker container features/best practise:

is portable because you keep all what you need for your application in it (libraries etc) – always run the same, regardless of the environment;
reduce conflicts between teams running different software on the same infrastructure;
minimal: best practise is to keep as minimal as possible its content;
you can ‘freeze’ it and move to another host, if required (using the cgroup capability);
no hard coded values in it: variable passed during the deploy or pulled from a file mounted externally;
you can mount external storage;
you can expose a port -> for example you can have a web app listening on port 80. You can expose port 80 of your container so when you connect to the host’s port 80, traffic will be redirected to the container. This “port forwarding” is the container runtime’s job;
‘Dockerfile’ is the configuration file for the container. You can speficy the image that you want to use (FROM …), which port to expose, the storage to mount etc;

COMMANDS:

docker images -> shows current images downloaded

docker pull <image_name:version>

docker run -d <image_name:version>

docker ps

docker inspect <id>

docker stop <id>

docker rm <id>

Dockerfile

FROM -> which base image => alpine (small/package manager)
ADD take file/dir and put into the container
ENTRYPOINT what to run when you start the container

Push container to repository
Dockerhub -> default public (you can also have private)

docker tag -h
Add tag – then login and push

Create/Package container (5% of the work)

App configuration
Service Discovery
Managing Updates
Monitoring

Kubernetes -> Cluster like single machine
You need to describe the apps and how they interact between each others

POD
– collection of containers (possible multiple apps on different containers)
– shares network namespace (IP)
– shares storage volumes

=> created with conf files

Monitoring
Rediness -> container ready
Liveness -> app not working / restart app
Configmaps
Secrets

Services -> labels

Deployments
Desidered state

Scaling -> increase “replicas”

Rolling updates – CTO roll => deploy new version, get traffic, stop traffic prev version, remove prev verision (this per each POD)

Compromised Email troubleshooting notes

Here some notes about how to troubleshoot a server that got compromised by a php script.

Check email queue

Qmail -> qmHandle
Postfix -> pmHandle / postqueue

# qmHandle -s
Total messages: 7357
Messages with local recipients: 0
Messages with remote recipients: 7357
Messages with bounces: 0
Messages in preprocess: 0

Get some email IDs

# qmHandle -l | head
1348989 (16, 16/1348989)
Return-path: #@[]
From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: failure notice
Date: 30 Jun 2015 07:42:59 +0100
Size: 5093 bytes
less
42240113 (15, 15/42240113)
Return-path: [email protected]

Check for X-PHP header in the mail message
Look for the UID and script that sent the message

# qmHandle -m1348989 | grep X-PHP
X-PHP-Originating-Script: 48:wp-content.php(1) : eval()'d code

Find the script and UID

# grep 48 /etc/passwd => this was Apache ==> this means that the code was injected via Apache

=> permissions issue??

# locate wp-content.php
/var/www/vhosts/example.com/wp-content.php

Move away the file(s) and chown 000
!! if the file starts with – , you need to user chown — 000 filename

Disable execution php following this how to

Delete all the messages containing that header

# qmHandle -h'X-PHP-Originating-Script: 48:wp-content.php'
Calling system script to terminate qmail...
Stopping : Looking for messages with headers matching X-PHP-Originating-Script: 48:wp-content.php
Message 1345933 slotted for deletion.
Message 42240608 slotted for deletion.
Message 1346796 slotted for deletion.
Message 42240391 slotted for deletion.
Message 42241954 slotted for deletion.
[...]
Deleted 113 messages from queue
Restarting qmail... Starting qmail: [ OK ]
done (hopefully).

Extra notes:

Check the queue:

postqueue -p

See the content of a message:

postcat -q <ID from postqueue output>

Check for “X-PHP-Originating-Script” header, which generally gives you the name of the script that generate the email

If they are sent to a specific domain, you can block some domains in Postfix following this guide

Redis – basic checks

Example:

>> Clear cache

> Flush database 2 with telnet
# telnet REDIS_IP_OR_FQDN 6379
> auth xxxxxxx_PASWORD_HERE_xxxxxxx
> select 2
> flushdb

> Completely flush ALL
telnet REDIS_IP_OR_FQDN 6379
> auth xxxxxxx_PASWORD_HERE_xxxxxxx
> flushall

Linux resource checks notes

top

1 -> CUP utilisation
> -> order by memory

check for CPU Performance
Optimized waiting%
(press '1' to see all the CPUs)

-----------------

I/O - check for %util
iostat -kx 1 1000

-----------------

Memory
free -m
free -m | grep "buffers/cache" | awk '{print $3}'

atop utility

Fail2ban notes

General notes about Fail2ban

### Fail2Ban ###

Best practise:
- do NOT edit /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf BUT create a new /etc/fail2ban/jail.local file

=============================================================
# Test fail2ban regex:
example: fail2ban-regex /var/log/secure /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/sshd.conf
example2: fail2ban-regex --print-all-matched/var/log/secure /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/sshd.conf

=============================================================
# Remove email notifications:

comment out 'sendmail-whois' from action in [ssh-iptables]
FYI, comment with # at the BEGINNING of the line like this or it won't work!!!

[ssh-iptables]

enabled  = true
filter   = sshd
action   = iptables[name=SSH, port=ssh, protocol=tcp]
#           sendmail-whois[name=SSH, dest=root, [email protected], sendername="Fail2Ban"]
logpath  = /var/log/secure
maxretry = 5


=============================================================
# Wordpress wp-login - block POST attacks

/etc/fail2ban/jail.local

[apache-wp-login]
enabled = true
port = http,https
filter = apache-wp-login
logpath = /var/log/httpd/blog.tian.it-access.log
maxretry = 3
bantime = 604800 ; 1 week
findtime = 120

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/etc/fail2ban/filter.d/apache-wp-login.conf
[Definition]
failregex = <HOST>.*POST.*wp-login.php HTTP/1.1
ignoreregex =

=============================================================

# Manually ban an IP:
fail2ban-client -vvv set <CHAIN> banip <IP>

# Check status of sshd chain
fail2ban-client status sshd

How to “SSH” brute force

If you want to make safer your remote server, it is good practise to use a good combination of sshd setup and fail2ban.

Firstly, you should setup your server to allow only key auth, and no passwords. This will drastically reduce the risk. This means anyway that you need to keep your ssh key safe and you won’t be able to access your server unless you have this key. Most of the time is something possible 🙂

For this reason, I’m explaining here how I configured my server.

SSHD

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

Have these settings in the config file (NOTE: the verbosity is for Fail2ban)

LogLevel VERBOSE

PasswordAuthentication no

(restart sshd)

/etc/fail2ban/jail.local

[DEFAULT]
# Ban hosts for 
# one hour:
#bantime = 3600

# one day:
bantime = 86400

# A host is banned if it has generated "maxretry" during the last "findtime"
# # seconds.
findtime  = 30

# # "maxretry" is the number of failures before a host get banned.
maxretry = 5

# Override /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/00-firewalld.conf:
banaction = iptables-multiport

[sshd]
enabled = true
filter = sshd-aggressive
port     = ssh
logpath  = /var/log/secure
maxretry = 3
findtime = 30
bantime  = 86400

/etc/fail2ban/filter.d/sshd.conf

Add a custom section after the ddos one:

custom = ^%(__prefix_line_sl)sDisconnected from <HOST> port [0-9]+ \[preauth\]$

This line matches whoever tries to connect without a proper ssh key.

Add this line to include custom to the sshd-aggressive setup:

aggressive = %(normal)s
             %(ddos)s
             %(custom)s

MySQL notes

MySQL backup – mysqldump
shell> mysqldump [options] db_name [tbl_name …] > db_name.sql
shell> mysqldump [options] –databases db_name … > multi_db.sql
shell> mysqldump [options] –all-databases > all_dbs.sql

Importing MySQL Table
To import the table run the following command from the command line:
shell> mysql -D dbname < tableName.sql

Check database space
SELECT table_schema “Data Base Name”, sum( data_length + index_length ) / 1024 / 1024 “Data Base Size in MB” FROM information_schema.TABLES GROUP BY table_schema ;

MySQL Uptime
a) mysql> SHOW GLOBAL STATUS;
b) # mysqladmin version | grep -i uptime

innodb_open_files
mysql> show global variables like “innodb_open_files”\G

Binary Logs
>> Enable:
> /etc/my.cnf
log-bin = /var/lib/mysql/bin-log

Enable the slow query log
slow-query-log = 1

Log queries that take longer than 2 seconds
long-query-time = 2

Set ‘max_connections’:
>> On the fly (GLOBAL variable. we can increase it on the fly without restarting mysqld service)
[Check] select @@global.max_connections;
[Set] set @@global.max_connections=300;
[Re-Check] select @@global.max_connections;
(or mysql> set global max_connections=250;)

>> CHANGE on /etc/my.cnf
max_connections = 50
max-connections = 50

set @@global.max_connections=default;

Set the query_cache_size to 16MB, query_cache_type to 1 and query_cache_limit to 1MB

mysql> set global query_cache_size=16*1024*1024;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global query_cache_type=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global query_cache_limit=1*1024*1024;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Check variables
select @@global.max_connections;OR
show variables;show variables like ‘%max%’;

Disable InnoDB
[mysqld]
skip-innodb
default-storage-engine = myisam

Check if Query Cache is enabled:
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE ‘have_query_cache’;

Check Query Cache statistics:
show status like ‘Qcache%’;

MySQL’s maximum memory usage is dangerously high
>> (read_buffer_size + read_rnd_buffer_size + sort_buffer_size + thread_stack + join_buffer_size) x max_connections
=> change max_connections

wait_timeout (global variable)
mysql> show processlist;
If there are too many queries, it might be a bug in the code (for example no “close connections”). In this case, it would be safer to setup a wait_timeout low, maybe 180 (seconds -> 3mins) to make sure the sleeping connections will get dropped at that time.

My notepad

Chris' IT notes…